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(转)LOVE---Neuroscience reveals allWe are not alone in being able to form intense and enduring social ties. Take the mother infant bond.
Whether or not the emotional connection between a ewe and her lamb, or a female macaque and her
offspring, is qualitatively similar to human motherly love, it is highly likely that these relationships s
hare evolutionarily conserved brain mechanisms. In humans, rats and sheep, the hormone oxytocin is
released during labour, delivery and nursing. In ewes, an infusion of oxytocin into the brain results i
n rapid bonding with a foreign lamb.
Long-term bonding between mates is rare in mammals. It may be regulated by the same brain mechan
isms as those involved in maternal bonding. For instance, pair bonding in the female monogamous pr
airie vole is stimulated by oxytocin released in the brain during mating. A female prairie vole rapidly
becomes attached to the nearest male if her brain is infused with oxytocin. The hormone interacts wit
h the reward and reinforcement system driven by the neurotransmitter dopamine — the same circuitr
y that drugs such as nicotine, cocaine and heroine act on in humans to produce euphoria and addictio
n. There is intriguing overlap between the brain areas involved in vole pair bonding and those associa
ted with human love. Dopamine-related reward regions of the human brain are active in mothers vie
wing images of their child. Similar activation patterns are seen in people looking at photographs of t
heir lovers.
The notion that pair bonding in humans may have evolved through a tweaking of the brain mechanis
ms underlying maternal bonding could explain certain unique characteristics of human sexuality. Fo
r example, female sexual desire may have become decoupled from fertility, and the female breast ma
y have become an erotic stimulus for males, to activate ancient maternal-bonding systems. The stimu
lation of the cervix and nipples during sexual intimacy are potent releasers of brain oxytocin, and ma
y function to strengthen the emotional tie between partners.
Pair bonding in males involves similar brain circuitry to that in females, but different neurochemical
pathways. In male prairie voles, forexample, vasopressin — a hormone related to oxytocin — stimul
ates pair bonding, aggression towards potential rivals, and paternal instincts, such as grooming offspr
ing in the nest. Variation in a regulatory region of the vasopressin receptor gene, avpr1a, predicts the
likelihood that a male vole will bond with a female.
Similarly, in humans, different forms of the AVPR1A gene are associated with variation in pair bond
ing and relationship quality. A recent study shows that men with a particular AVPR1A variant are tw
ice as likely asmen without it to remain unmarried, or when married, twice as likely to report a recen
t crisis in their marriage. Spouses of men with the variant also express more dissatisfaction in their re
lationships than do those of men lacking it.
For both voles and humans, AVPR1A genetic polymorphisms predict how much vasopressin recepto
r is expressed in the brain. The view of love as an emergent property of a cocktail of ancient neuropept
ides and neurotransmitters raises important issues for society.
For one thing, drugs that manipulate brain systems at whim to enhance or diminish our love for anothe
r may not be far away. Experiments have shown that a nasal squirt of oxytocin enhances trust and tune
s people into others’ emotions. Internet entrepreneurs are already marketing products such as Enhance
d Liquid Trust, a cologne-like mixture of oxytocin and pheromones “designed to boost the dating and
relationship area of your life”.
Although such products are unlikely to do anything other than boost users’ confidence, studies are und
er way in Australia to determine whether an oxytocin spray might aid traditional marital therapy.
We don’t yet know whether the drugs commonly used to treat disorders from depression to sexual dys
function affect people’s relationships by altering neurochemistry. But both Prozac and Viagra influenc
e the oxytocin system. The quality of patients’ relationships should be included in the list of variables
assessed in controlled psychiatric drug studies.
The possibility that genetic variation may influence the quality of our romantic relationships also has i
ntriguing implications. Perhaps genetic tests for the suitability of potential partners will one day beco
me available, the results of which could accompany, and even override, our gut instincts in selecting th
e perfect partner. Either way, recent advances in the biology of pair bonding mean it won’t be long bef
ore an unscupulous suitor could slip a pharmaceutical 'love point' in our drink. And if they did, woul
d we care? After all, love is insanity. (转)
做基础的对做应用的说：你文章写太长了，不够简洁。 做应用的对做基础的说：你导言那么短，逻辑链条在哪啊？ 做基础的对做应用的说：做研究不要做大，要做小而精的实验。 做应用的对做基础的说：你实验做那么简单，还只有一个，哪个杂志都接收不了。 做基础的对做应用的说：你们搞来搞去都是些问卷调查，太不科学了。 做应用的对做基础的说：我们被试都从公司和病人里找，你怎么请他们进实验室一个一个的做实验？ 做应用的对做基础的说：你们样本量太小还全是学生样本，没有代表性。 做基础的对做应用的说：fMRI做一个被试就1000块，哪来的钱？这钱你帮我们出啊？ 做基础的对做应用的说：你们老是靠统计学的方法处理那么多的变量，太投机取巧了。 做应用的对做基础的说：你们拿fMRI扫扫人脑，十几个人的数据就能发文章了。 做发展的问：那我呢？ 做应用的和做基础的说：一边和小孩子玩去！ 做工程的说：我贡献多大啊，创造多少生产力啊？你们写的东西都没人看！ 做基础的和做应用的说：你其实就是设计仪表手机和电脑的。 做比较的说：我算是做研究的吧？ 做基础的说：你是研究动物的，不归我们研究大脑的管。 做单细胞记录的说：我也是研究大脑的。 做认知神经科学的说：一个细胞说话不算数！ 生物学家路过说：血氧含量就算数啊…… 做认知的说：你考虑到认知的重要性么？ 做行为的说：想那么多做出来还不都是一样…… 做人格的说：你考虑到人格的重要性么？ 做社会的说：啥样的人遇到911也得尿，还是情境最有说服力。 做管理的说：你考虑到公司和组织的重要性么？ 做临床的说：我们自己已经够复杂了，就不和你们争了。 做教育的说：……我怎么教你们好…… 生物学家再次路过说：都别争了，21世纪是属于我的世纪，你们都归我管了…… 做单细胞记录的和认知神经科学的：好！ 其他的：我不！ 做比较的说：我考虑一下…… Freud从棺材里爬起来说：你们都泛科学化了！性才是最重要的！ Jung说：你们都还是这么偏激啊，唉……集体无意识啊…… 2009/11/21 人不猥琐枉出国（转）“ virginia 陈念芸同学约稿 ” 头疼二次托了……感觉还好，阅读大涨……口语第一题有点瞎。
考完没有头疼没有想吐的感觉。
不过回到实验室被老师交代了一下文章格式还要修改，烦人的APA！
头又开始疼了…… 谈论 暴有效各个局部速瘦！浑身上下的肥肉都别想逃！收藏蚊子的博文。嘿嘿 引用 暴有效各个局部速瘦！浑身上下的肥肉都别想逃！ 2009/11/4 强烈推荐的... |
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